The Bay Of Pigs Invasion. Essays (4359 words) -

The Bay Of Pigs Invasion. The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of mismanagement, overconfidence, and lack of security. The blame for the failure of the operation falls directly in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency and a young president and his advisors. The fall out from the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two great superpowers and ironically 34 years after the event, the person that the invasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To understand the origins of the invasion and its ramifications for the future it is first necessary to look at the invasion and its origins. Part I: The Invasion and its Origins. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few days before on April 15th with the bombing of Cuba by what appeared to be defecting Cuban air force pilots. At 6 a.m. in the morning of that Saturday, three Cuban military bases were bombed by B-26 bombers. The airfields at Camp Libertad, San Antonio de los Ba?os and Antonio Maceo airport at Santiago de Cuba were fired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad and forty-seven people were killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, apparently to defect to the United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile, in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were . . . carried out by 'Cubans inside Cuba' who were 'in contact with' the top command of the Revolutionary Council . . . . The New York Times reporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the whole situation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after . . . a suspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike . . . . Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later that morning, one landed at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a.m. and the other at Miami International Airport at 8:20 a.m. Both planes were badly damaged and their tanks were nearly empty. On the front page of The New York Times the next day, a picture of one of the B-26s was shown along with a picture of one of the pilots cloaked in a baseball hat and hiding behind dark sunglasses, his name was withheld. A sense of conspiracy was even at this early stage beginning to envelope the events of that week. In the early hours of April 17th the assault on the Bay of Pigs began. In the true cloak and dagger spirit of a movie, the assault began at 2 a.m. with a team of frogmen going ashore with orders to set up landing lights to indicate to the main assault force the precise location of their objectives, as well as to clear the area of anything that may impede [Map of Cuba was here] the main landing teams [Link to Map to be added when when they arrived. At time permits] 2:30 a.m. and at 3:00 a.m. two battalions came ashore at Playa Gir?n and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The troops at Playa Gir?n had orders to move west, northwest, up the coast and meet with the troops at Playa Larga in the middle of the bay. A small group of men were then to be sent north to the town of Jaguey Grande to secure it as well. (See figure 1). When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that the troops would have problems in the area that was chosen for them to land at. The area around the Bay of Pigs is a swampy marsh land area which would be hard on the troops. The Cuban forces were quick to react and Castro ordered his T-33 trainer jets, two Sea Furies, and two B-26s into the air to stop the invading forces. Off the coast was the command and control ship and another vessel carrying supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban air force made

These 7 Work Stereotypes about Millennials are NOT Necessarily True

These 7 Work Stereotypes about Millennials are NOT Necessarily True Millennials have been told for a decade just how bad they are at life. They’re lazy, live with their parents, are totally entitled, etc. The list goes on. If you’re a millennial, this can do a lot to hamper your self-esteem and even your career goals. But a lot of the hate out there is based on very little fact. Millennials aren’t much different from any other generation that came before. In fact, if naysayers bothered to talk to millennials, they’d find that this young generation has the same career aspirations, life goals, and general motivation as older generations. Plus, they’re indispensable: millennials will make up more than 50% of the workforce in the years to come.Given all of that, we should start debunking a few of those millennial myths.Myth #1: Millennials are all â€Å"me, me, me,† all the time.Reality: Every generation is all â€Å"me, me, me.† It’s just human nature. Every older generation thinks the new one is s elfish and self-obsessed. If you’re feeling picked on, you’re not alone. The Baby Boomers were the original â€Å"me† generation, and there’ll be more after you. Maybe you’ll even be the one doing the nagging when you’re higher up in the career ranks.Myth #2: Millennials want a party and ribbon just for showing up.Reality: Millennials don’t actually crave constant unearned acclaim. In fact, as kids they may have been trained for this by their helicopter parents, but they’re grown-ups now and want to earn their accolades like everyone else. Trust: It’s really the Baby Boomers who think all members should be rewarded when the team is successful. Millennials are pretty cutthroat and competitive about winning fair and square.Myth #3: Millennials are tech-obsessed and can’t live a life offline.Reality: Yes, millennials are strapped to their devices as though their phones are vital limbs. But they are also capable, and even eager, for face-to-face interaction when that makes most sense (i.e. in the workplace). And they’re actually more likely to draw a line between personal and professional on social media than older generations.Myth #4: Millennials are wafflers.Reality: Everyone solicits advice and gets friends, colleagues, and family to weigh in on important decisions. Millennials perhaps look to a larger variety of sources to make more informed decisions than their more independent-minded elders. This is actually a shrewd move, especially in today’s increasingly interconnected and complex business world.Myth #5: Millennials aren’t loyal and will jump ship whenever they lose interest.Reality: While â€Å"passion† is certainly important to this generation, millennials actually stay with their employers longer than their Gen X counterparts. The market is scarier and leaner out there, so they know when to stay put and be more calculating with their career moves. Perhaps they will have held more jobs by a certain age than other generations, but that has more to do with the cutthroat economy and less to do with laziness or wanderlust.Myth #6: Millennials don’t work hard.Reality: The skill set of this century is already markedly different than the skill set of the old one. Workplaces, and workplace culture, look nothing like they used to. As such, making comparisons between them is fruitless. Given the demands of today’s high tech interconnected workforce, millennials are actually working very hard and innovating at an exponential rate. They’re also a little more competitive than Baby Boomers, which goes hand-in-hand with hard work, hustle, and long hours.Myth #7: Millennials need work to babysit them.Reality: Millennials are actually quite capable of taking care of themselves. Corporations don’t have to talk down to them or treat them like children. Also, with the ever-changing structure of the workforce, millennials have a choice to work for corporations or for themselves in today’s economy. Corporations would do well to realize they need millennials more than millennials need them!

Marketing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Marketing Across Cultures - Essay Example Thus what is seen is just as important as what is written or what is spoken. Therefore visual or non-verbal communications about brands and products must be adapted to culture to connect with people in high context cultures. In particular, people from high context cultures are more socially oriented and prefer to have face-to-face, or interpersonal dealings in communications (Usunier & Lee, 2009). The idea is to establish some sort of a connection to consumers in high context cultures. For example, when distributing goods in places like China, Japan and India, connections can be made by appealing to local cultural symbols. Japan’s high uncertainty avoidance culture makes it the most difficult market for foreigners to penetrate. High uncertainty avoidance cultures are usually not amenable to anything new or uncertain. Thus the state and social norms typically implement rules and norms to restrict the introduction of uncertainty in terms of the introduction of anything or any ph enomenon that is foreign or different. China and India are cultures that are more amenable to uncertainty than Japan is (Usunier & Lee, 2009). Many products fulfill both a functional need as well as a social need. When deciding how much to adapt an existing product for a new foreign market, which type of need should a marketer focus on? Explain your answer. When adapting an existing product for a new foreign market the marketer should focus on social needs. For example in masculine cultures where men make a majority of the purchasing decisions, the product should be adapted to appeal to men. Likewise, in â€Å"highly feminine individualist cultures† the social and financial burdens are shared by men and women (Usunier & Lee, 2009, p. 71). Thus when adapting an existing product to this culture, the product does not have to be gender-specific. However other cultural norms may require adaptation. For example, explicit images displaying some degree of nudity in packaging may be o ffensive to some cultures. A food product such as a soup brand may want to replace a soup made of forbidden meat products with a more appropriate meat in countries where the meat is not an acceptable food source. This will be particularly important in high uncertainty avoidance cultures. High feminine collectivist cultures are similar to high feminine individualist cultures in that men and women share responsibilities for economic and social decisions. However, these individuals typically lack individual authority. Thus products must be adapted so that they appeal to this group dynamic. It therefore follows that products should be more family oriented as high feminine collectivist cultures emphasize the importance of the family as a whole. As Usunier and Lee (2009), in high feminine collectivist cultures, the entire family has a significant influence on â€Å"consumption behaviour† (Usunier & Lee, 2009, p. 71). Comparing a supermarket in Tokyo, Japan with one in Dallas, Texas , which of the two is likely to have higher sales of snacks and sweets (Items usually found near the cash register at the checkout)? Explain your answer using the most relevant cultural dimension. Items are typically placed near the cash register in supermarkets and other stores generally to appeal to impulsive or unplanned consumer purchasing behaviour. Asian cultures are typically linked to the collectivist dimension of

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Politics - Essay Example There are three main topics which I cover in this essay, the first is explaining the current approaches to the post - Cold war international order, secondly I examine the role of the U.S.A in the international order, and finally, I discuss the future possibilities of the international order. I take each topic in turn, present both arguments and show the similarities and differences between Liberals and Marxists. The end of the Cold War can be analysed as a significant development in world politics and as the defeat of Marxism and triumph of Liberalism. Fukuyama is quoted as saying that this is â€Å"the end of History† and explains in his thesis, â€Å" [the end of the Cold war is] not to an â€Å"end of ideology† or a convergence between capitalism and socialism, but to an unabashed victory of economic and political liberalism† (1989 pp.39). The triumphant Liberals will claim that the post-Cold war world order has the U.S.A as the single world super-power, however, they have grasped this power through consent rather than through imperialist measures like past super-powers have done, for example, Great British Empire throughout the 19th century. This has been achieved through introduction of Free-trade agreements via the WTO, and, as a result of certain policies and economic development, other important liberal factors, such as democracy and freedom, have flourished, pa rticularly in former Soviet Union satellite states such as Poland and the Ukraine. The traditional Liberal position on the international order is a â€Å"bottom-up approach† (p121) which means that the needs of the individuals is paramount so the states orientations reflect the peoples desires and not the other way around. This in turn is reflected onto the international scene where different states want different things and hence free-trade can be quite effective in this position. From the

Bipolar Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Bipolar Disorder - Essay Example However, with new technology and research, there are many new opinions about the treatment of the disorder and the prognosis for those who are suffering. The purpose of this paper is to explore the prognosis for those with bipolar and how this links to research on causes and treatment. As shown below, it is evident that there are a huge number of treatment options for those with bipolar disorder and this means that the prognosis for many with the illness is positive and can be long-lasting. To understand the prognosis for people with bipolar disorder, it is interesting to consider what the disease is and how it affects those who have it. As outlined above, it is a rollercoaster of highs and lows which can be spaced far apart or can happen in a matter of hours or even minutes. In her book Bipolar Disorder, Judith Peacock states that people "who have bipolar disorder experience extreme changes in mood, energy and behaviour" and that sufferers "cannot control their mood changes" (Peacoc k, 2000, p6). This just shows that it is a difficult disease to deal with and that it cannot be controlled without help. It can obviously often be frightening for sufferers as their mood changes without them knowing why. However, it is important to note that help can be found from many different places. Peacock (2000) goes on to explain many of the treatment options for bipolar disorder. These can be based upon therapy or controlling the symptoms using drugs, both of which will be explored later. However, it is important to note the word control here. It is stated that bipolar disorder "cannot be cured, but the symptoms can be controlled. People with bipolar disorder can learn to manage their illness" (Peacock, 2000, p52). This is interesting because most people think that a good prognosis for a disease is one where it can be completely cured, but it is important to note that bipolar disorder is more complicated than some purely physical diseases. There are a number of different thi ngs to consider. In this case, it is important to note that it can be managed and that it is a learning process. In their book Bipolar Disorders: Clinical Course and Outcome, Joseph F. Goldberg and Martin Harrow explore in more detail the different types of treatment for bipolar and how this leads to a positive outcome. One of the most important drugs in treating patients with bipolar is lithium. In the book, physicians are described as regarding "lithium as the standard of care for the long-term management of bipolar disorders, expecting a marked improvement in up to 70% of cases" (Goldberg & Harrow, 1999, p3). Lithium is often used alongside therapy, which means that it can contribute to a good prognosis in much more than 70% of cases, but some people may need extra help. Evidently, a huge number of people can rely on lithium to control their symptoms. However, there are some people who cannot rely on lithium alone. Goldberg & Harrow (1999) also go onto explain that the prognosis for people with some types of bipolar might be even better than 70% and may not need controlling permanently. This can happen for women who experience bipolar disorder after they have given birth or during pregnancy. These types of cases can often lead to a huge improvement with short-term treatment. Also, the book notes that one study showed

Attack Tree Of Computer Security

Attack Tree Of Computer Security This report is introduces about the possible attack for company and it represent by the attack tree diagram. In the company have six computer and internal server. Each computer is using Microsoft window 7. They are using the DVD to store the backup and the router is default setting. Each employee has the email address. Firstly, I will attack the workstation, try to obtain the password illegally and attack the security such as install virus, Trojan, worm and DOS attack. After that, I will attack the dvd to get the dvd and do some malicious action. Obtain the DVD can through the employee, such as bribe or threaten. Malicious action will install the threats into the DVD and spread to other computer when they are using the backup. Then, we will attack the router which is change the WEP or filter the mac address to cause the computer cannot connect to the network. We also can using threats through the router to install into the system, e.g plashing, pharming, DNS cache poisoning and spoof ing. However, I will attack the server using the internal threats and external threats, such as ask a person to disguise a customer to get the information from company, or ask the temporarily customer to be a spy to do some malicious action. Moreover, attack the email using the security threats like phishing, email spam, virus and spam. Then, obtain the email password from the target. Finally, attack the window 7 using hacking tools to destroy the host file from the system and using physical attack to the system and obtain the important data or change the data to make a big lose for the company. All of these attacks will discuss in this report. Introduction and scope Attack tree helps one to understand security issue better, from the stand point of an attacker. Attack trees are a graphical and mathematical construct used to identify most of the attack that will cause the greatest risk to the defender, determine effective strategies decrease the risk in a acceptable level for the defender, describe the potential attack between the adversary and the defender, provide a communication mechanism for security analysts, capture what is known and believed about the system and its adversaries, and store the information in a diagram that can be understood for the subsequently defenders. Although it is very hard to identify the entire possible factor that leads to intuition, it is based on the experiences and the ability to extrapolate how the experiences apply on the new situation.  For example, the effectiveness of internet security, network security, banking system security, installation and personnel security may all be modelled using attack trees. Th e ideal of attack tree is that an equipment, software, process could have vulnerabilities that when successful, they could compromise the entire system. Scope There are six computers and one internal server and each computer encompasses Microsoft Window 7 and Microsoft Office 2007. Each workstation has been patched with all updates of March 25, 2010. They are using ADSL 2+ connection. The server and workstation backup is store in a DVD. All the employees have email addresses and there share the document through a D-Link DNS-323 NAS. The router is utilising default settings and consists of a D-Link DSL G604t. Each workstation is utilising Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool. Assumptions -The room houses the server is not locked or well protected with access key. -The router is not updated with the latest patches and set the default setting. -The workstations are not created with user login account. -No legal antivirus software is installed. Attack tree for compromising availability Spyware Trojan Virus Worm DOS attack Security attack Attack workstation Description: Due do the workstation do not have any legal antivirus software, so the security of the workstation is weak. We can use different threats to attack the workstation. We will install spyware to the workstation through email, when the employee clicks on the email. Spyware will collect some information from there without their knowledge. It is hard to detect, unless the user install the anti spyware software. We also use the same way to install the Trojan, virus and worm into the workstation. Trojan will format the hard drive when the user runs it. Virus will spread from one device to another, when they are connecting to another computer or device. Most of the virus will destroy the data or cause the computer keep reboot. Worm will use up the computer resources and possibly shutting down the system. Install the DOS (Denial of service) attack to prevent the user to access information or service, such as access email, website, etc. Attack workstation Steal Get password from employee Bribe Threaten Find written password Obtain login password illegally Use widely known password Learn password Guess password Description: The other way to attack the workstation is obtain the administrator login password illegally. First of all, we can try to guess the password or use the widely known password, because most of the users usually use the password to easy memories. After that, we also can learn the password such as find the written password from the user. We also can get the password from the employee. There are many ways to get from them. Firstly, we can threaten the employee, like find out some secret from the employees. However, we can bribe the employees to give them some advantages, such as money or something they like. Finally, we can steal from the employee, like install remote password stealer computer and receive the password through email. Blackmail Bribe Employee Copy Steal Exchange DVD Obtain DVD Attack backup Description: The backup of company is store in a DVD, so there are many possible ways to obtain the DVD. Firstly, we can use another DVD to exchange with the DVD backup, so they cannot find out any problem before they use the DVD. After that, we also can steal the DVD or copy the DVD. Finally, we can bribe the employee or blackmail the employee to let him get the DVD. Attack backup Malicious action Spyware Virus Trojan Destroy DVD Description: Another way to attack the backup is do malicious action. We can destroy DVD, like burn or break it. We also can put the threats through email or employee to the workstation, so after they backup the threats also in the DVD. When they use the backup DVD, the Trojan will install in the system, and format the hard drive of the system. Virus will spread into the system to destroy the data or make the system error. Spyware will install into the system and collects some information from the system, so we can know what is the user doing in the system. Filter the mac address Set the WEP Get in the router Attack router Change router login password Block the website Description: Because of the router is using the default setting, so they do not change the login password. So we can get in the router using the default password. After that, we can change the login password and set a WEP to ignore the employee using the wireless. However, we can filter the mac address to disable employees computer to connect internet. Furthermore, we also can block some URL about the company, so the employee cannot access the website. Phlashing Pharming DNS cache poisoning Spoofing Attack router Security attack Description: There is some security attack to the router. We can use the spoofing attack to masquerades as another program to falsifying data and gaining some advantages. Furthermore, DNS cache poisoning will corrupts the DNS table and cache, so the domain name will assign with a malicious IP address. When the employee use the malicious IP address, the computer will infected by worm, viruses or spyware. Moreover, we also can use pharming to attack the router. Pharming is redirecting the website traffic to a bogus website. When the employee get in the website, pharming will conducted to change the hosts file or exploitation the vulnerability in DNS server software. Finally, phlashing will exploit vulnerability in network based firmware update, it will permanently disable the hardware by loading corrupted BIOS onto the hardware. Attack server Trojan Worm Virus Check for the security protection Install remote access Disguise Eavesdrop Security attack Espionage Temporarily employee Customer Internal threats Description: There are two internal threats to attack the server. Due to the room of server is do not lock properly, so the temporarily employee can easily get in the room. Temporarily employee maybe is espionage to get the information from the server. They will install remote access to control the server, such as delete the data or destroy the server. They also will attack the security and install virus, worm and Trojan to exploit the server and cause the server crash. Attacker also will disguise be a customer, so they can go to the company easily. They can be eavesdrop in the company, and they can check for the security protection of the company, find out the vulnerability, so they can easily get into the company when nobody inside. Attack server Internal threats Across to the computer room power Across to the power switch Turn off security protection Rename server Turn the power off Steal data Employee Description: Another internal threat is employee. We can bribe the employee, because employees already work in the company for a long time, so we can ask them to steal important data or some secret data of the company. However, we also can ask them to turn off the power of the server room, so some document have not save will missing. Employees can across the power switch or across to the computer room power to turn off the power. Then, turn off the security protection in the server, so we can easily to hack into the server. Finally, rename the server and cause all computer cannot connect to the server. Obtain password from target Threats Trojan Viruses Email spam Phishing Security attack Attack email Description: Email will attack by the threats and obtain the password illegally from the target. We can threaten or blackmail the target to get the email password, so we can send email for others and provide wrong information to them. There are four types of threats send to the email and bluff the employee to click it, so the threats will install into the system. First, phishing will send by the email and come out well known website, then the employee go to the website and key in the username and password, their information will obtain by attacker. Moreover, the email spam will send the message to numerous recipients by email, and it is unsolicited. However, viruses are dangerous because they often deliver extremely destructive payloads, destroying data, and bringing down entire mail systems. Finally, use email installs Trojan to obtain confidential information or gain control of the server. Attack Microsoft Window 7 Change the document Destroy host file Spyware Malware Hacking tools Turn off power supply Disguise Cleaner Destroy computer Description: Microsoft window 7 is the widely operating system in the world, so there are many hacking tools to hack into the system. Attacker can pretend be a cleaner, and using the tools to hack into the system, after that install the malware to destroy the host file or change the important document, effects the company process. Then, install the spyware to spy the user work in the system and obtain the login password. Furthermore, we also can destroy the computer such as use water or burn it. Finally, turn off the power supply and cause the system lost the data before the user save it. Attack Microsoft Window 7 Physical attack Security attack Teardrop Remote access trojan Worm Virus Crash Win 7 Description: Microsoft window 7 also can attack physically. Because of the window 7 is widely use, so attacker are found many security vulnerability. Teardrop attack is a form of denial of service (DOS) attack, it will exploit the system when the internet protocol requires that a packet too big for the next router to handle has to split into fragments. In the teardrop attack, attackers IP puts an odd and confusing offset value in the second fragment or in a fragment thereafter. If the operating system under the teardrop attacks, the system will crash. Another is security attack, we can ask the employee or using the email to install virus, worm and spread all of these threats to the entire computer in the company on the network, and make the system down. Another threat is using remote access Trojan to control the system. This type of Trojan creates a backdoor into the system. We can use the client to control the server, this can allow to almost completing control over the victims system. Attack Microsoft Office 2007 Confidential loss Threats of document Integrity loss Altered data Corrupt data Sell data Broadcast data Description The method of attack the Microsoft Office 2007 is threats the document. Firstly, we can get the document from employee or using the Trojan or virus through email send to the system to obtain the document. Then, it will cause the integrity loss and confidential loss. In the integrity loss, we will altered the data and corrupt the data. In the confidential loss, we will broadcast the data or sell the data to another company, so the secret of the company will know by everyone. These two type of method will cause big loss for the company. Conclusion As you can seem that from the diagram, there are many attack come from many different ways such as internal threats, external threats. Internal threats are cause by the employee, customer and the worker in the company. External threats are cause by the attacker using different method to hack into the system to do malicious action. But comparatively, the attacking from internal is easier, because the employee is know more about the company and can get the data easily, but that is dangerous, if the company found that, they will get catch. In the other hand, the attacking from external is difficult but safe, because they do not know where is the data and also need to avoid the security protection, but if the company found that, they is hard to track the attacker. All of the diagram above is some of the possible attack, there are still have many possible attack. Indeed, with the technological advancements, it is likely that the computer threats will emerge in endlessly, so the possible a ttack will come out more and more in the future. Glossary Virus- A hidden, self-replicating section of computer software, usually malicious logic, that propagates by infecting i.e., inserting a copy of itself into and becoming part of another program. A virus cannot run by itself; it requires that its host program be run to make the virus active. Trojan- A computer program that appears to have a useful function, but also has a hidden and potentially malicious function that evades security mechanisms, sometimes by exploiting legitimate authorizations of a system entity that invokes the program. Worm- A computer program that can run independently, can propagate a complete working version of itself onto other hosts on a network, and may consume computer resources destructively. Spyware- Spyware is a type of malware that can be installed on computers and collects little bits of information at a time about users without their knowledge. The presence of spyware is typically hidden from the user, and can be difficult to detect. Typically, spyware is secretly installed on the users personal computer. Spam-Electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. Spoofing-Attempt by an unauthorized entity to gain access to a system by posing as an authorized user. Pharming-This is a more sophisticated form of MITM attack. A users session is redirected to a masquerading website. This can be achieved by corrupting a DNS server on the Internet and pointing a URL to the masquerading websites IP. Almost all users use a URL like www.worldbank.com instead of the real IP (192.86.99.140) of the website. Changing the pointers on a DNS server, the URL can be redirected to send traffic to the IP of the pseudo website. At the pseudo website, transactions can be mimicked and information like login credentials can be gathered. With this the attacker can access the real www.worldbank.com site and conduct transactions using the credentials of a valid user on that website. Phishing-The use of e-mails that appear to originate from a trusted source to trick a user into entering valid credentials at a fake website. Typically the e-mail and the web site looks like they are part of a bank the user is doing business with. Denial of service-The prevention of authorized access to a system resource or the delaying of system operations and functions. Malware-A generic term for a number of different types of malicious code. DNS cache poisoning-DNS poisoning is also called DNS cache poisoning, and refers to the corruption of DNS tables and caches so that a domain name points to a malicious IP address. Once the user is re-directed to the malicious IP address his/her computer can be infected with worms, viruses, spy ware etc. Phlashing- Phlashing is a permanent denial of service (DoS) attack that exploits a vulnerability in network-based firmware updates. Such an attack is currently theoretical but if carried out could render the target device inoperable. Teardrop-Teardrop is a program that sends IP fragments to a machine connected to the Internet or a network. Teardrop exploits an overlapping IP fragment bug present in Windows 95, Windows NT and Windows 3.1 machines. The bug causes the TCP/IP fragmentation re-assembly code to improperly handle overlapping IP fragments. This attack has not been shown to cause any significant damage to systems, and a simple reboot is the preferred remedy. It should be noted, though, that while this attack is considered to be non-destructive, it could cause problems if there is unsaved data in open applications at the time that the machine is attacked. The primary problem with this is a loss of data.

Gothic Architecture :: Architectural Middle Ages Churches Essays

Gothic Architecture The church in the Middle Ages was a place that all people, regardless of class, could belong to. As a source of unity, its influence on art and architecture was great during this time. As society drew away from the feudal system of the Romanesque period, a new spirit of human individualism began to take hold; alas, the birth of Gothic. Here, the Church became a place where humanity became more acceptable, alas becoming the ideal place to visual such new ideals. The beauty and elegance of Gothic architecture is depicted most in the great cathedrals of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries—St. Denis, Notre Dame, Chartres, Salisbury, Durham, Amiens, and more. The experience of looking at one of the great gothic cathedrals is to look up towards God. Indeed, most Gothic structures emphasize the vertical, drawing one’s eyes upwards toward the heavens with the awesomeness of God. These cathedrals were built with towering spires, pointed arches and flying buttresses giving impressi ons of harmony and luminosity. One of the major accomplishments of the 12th and 13th centuries was to develop the engineering mastery of the ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttress to create a great cathedral that is at once taller, lighter, wider, and more elegant than the ones before. Even though the pointed arch could support more weight than its predecessors, there was still the problem of finding a way to support the heavy masonry ceiling vaults over wide spans. In order to support the outward thrust of barrel vaults, vertical support walls have to be very thick and heavy. What makes possible the extensive use of ribbed vaulting and pointed arches to â€Å"open† and â€Å"lighten† the walls and space of the cathedral is the flying buttress—â€Å"an arched bridge above the aisle roof that extends from the upper nave wall, where the lateral thrust of the main vault is greatest, down to a solid pier.† [Jansen, History of Art, p. 407]. The effect is to add structural strength and solidity to the building. The visual appearance of changes from the Early and Later or High Gothic are clear, as each cathedral became increasingly narrower and taller. For instance, compare the nave elevations of Notre-Dame to Amiens [Text, fig. 442, p. 333], the pointed arches of Amiens are significantly taller and narrower than the much earlier Notre Dame. The mastery of the flying buttress allowed medieval builders to construct taller and more elegant looking buildings with more complex ground plans.

Executive Summary of Spritzer

This report will be based on the Spritzer Group, one of the largest bottled water producers in Malaysia (Spritzer, 2010). This report will contain an analysis and evaluation of Spritzer Group based on the annual reports which contains the financial statements of the last 5 years from 2007 to 2011. The methods of analysis will be categorized in the main four financial ratios of the company which is to measure the profitability, liquidity, efficiency and gearing. The profitability ratios will measure how efficiently the company manages its operations and uses its assets to generate net income.It consists of the profit margin, return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The liquidity ratio which is also known as the short-term solvency focuses on the current assets and current liabilities, which is important to the short-term creditors, usually within a one year period. Hence, it comprises of the current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio. The efficiency ratio is a measure of the asset management or turnover which is used to identify how the assets are used to generate sales.It includes the inventory turnover, days’ sales in inventory, receivables turnover, days’ sales in receivables, total asset turnover and capital intensity. The gearing ratio is also known as the long-term solvency which discusses on the company’s long-run ability in order to meet its requirements. It consists of the total debt ratio, debt-equity ratio, equity multiplier, times interest earned ratio and cash coverage ratio (Jordan, Westerfield and Ross, 2011).All of the calculations will be provided and can be found in this report. As follows, the results of the data analyzed shows that on a 5 year annualized basis, the ratios are most of the time in-line with the industry averages. In particular, some of the areas that have improved in comparative performance over the years are inventory turnover, profit margin, ROA and ROE. While the areas which are not performing t oo well are the liquidity and gearing.Hence, some recommendations will include: to reduce borrowings to improve the liquidity, to improve the days’ sales in receivable as it has been quite constant for the last 5 years and rely less on creditors and debt financing to improve the gearing. The report finds that the company’s future will be capable of being stable as over the 5 years, it has been performing satisfactorily despite certain downfall in a few areas. As for the limitations, it will be further discussed in the conclusion of the report.

Family definition Essay

When most people think of the word family, mother, father, children, and relatives immediately come to mind. If you look up the word in the Oxford English dictionary you would read: fam ·i ·ly (fÄÆ'm’ə-lÄ“, fÄÆ'm’lÄ“) n. – the group of persons consisting of the parents and their children, whether actually living together or not; in wider sense, the unity formed by those who are nearly connected by blood or affinity. While all this can be true of a family, it is not the only or the correct way that family can be defined. Family is more accurately described as a group of people who might not be related by blood or marriage but who sincerely care and love each other. They are there for you every step of the way and provide support you could never get anywhere else. Since the beginning, families have been the building blocks of any society. Almost every aspect of our lives involves the term family. In our religion we are part of a â€Å"family† of believers. At Penn State we are part of one big â€Å"family† of students and faculty. One person unites our country as a â€Å"family† whom we all look towards for guidance. While these examples might be accepted by society today, it only describes family in broad terms. Family love is much deeper than all of that and is the love you share with your friends and relatives. One very common misconception about family, as seen in the Oxford definition, is that its members almost always have to be related by blood, marriage, or adoption. In truth, family is anyone you love and care about and who also feels the same way about you. German poet Johann Schiller described family perfectly when he said; â€Å"It is not flesh and blood but the heart which makes us fathers and sons.† I believe that my family is not only my parents, my little brother and my other relatives, but also my best friends. My great-aunt is my blood relative but she knows as much about me as the next person. For example, my friend Caitlin can tell you anything you would ever want to know concerning me and we can practically read each other’s mind. I am not saying that my great-aunt is not considered part of my family but Caitlin is just as much as my aunt. Family goes hand-in-hand with friendship. In order to have a family you need friendship. My family and I do not get along just because we are forced to live together. My family are my best friends and we get along because we genuinely love each other and want to be with each other. Every family is going to have its problems, but in the end no one can deny the love they have for each other. In today’s society most people consider family to be just blood relations but in reality family is made of the bonds you share with those you care for the most. Family is a completely necessary component of anyone’s life. Your family helps you through the tough times. They provide the needed support to get you through life. Family cares about what happens to you, are always there for you, and above all, they love you no matter what.

Parallel Structure Supports Meaning

Parallel Structure Supports Meaning Parallel Structure Supports Meaning Parallel Structure Supports Meaning By Mark Nichol A lack of parallel structure in sentence construction can lead to confusion. Make sure that statements are scaffolded correctly to convey the intended meaning, as explained and demonstrated in the discussions to and revisions of the following sentences. 1. The poll found that 24 percent of voters said they would either abstain from voting in the general election rather than vote for Trump or Clinton or vote for a third-party candidate. The meaning of this sentence is ambiguous. As written, it implies that 24 percent of voters would vote neither for Trump or Clinton nor for a third-party candidate, but it could mean that 24 percent of voters either would abstain from voting or would vote for someone other than Trump or Clinton. If this is the case, the wording should be â€Å"The poll found that 24 percent of voters said they either would abstain from voting in the general election rather than vote for Trump or Clinton or would vote for a third-party candidate.† 2. The act requires the removal of any personally identifiable information not relevant to threat identification or protected by privacy laws. As written, this sentence implies that not applies both to â€Å"relevant to threat identification† and to â€Å"protected by privacy laws.† However, the removal requirement applies to information that is not relevant or that is protected, so the language should emphasize this distinction: â€Å"The act requires the removal of any personally identifiable information that is not relevant to threat identification or that is protected by privacy laws.† 3. You will learn a new method for weight loss without neglecting your work or rearing your children. The implication of this sentence is that the new weight-loss method will not require one to neglect one’s work and will absolve one of the chore of rearing one’s children. But the meaning is that adopting the method will not affect one’s abilities to work or to raise children, and the wording should reflect that meaning: â€Å"You will learn a new method for weight loss without neglecting your work or your parental responsibilities† is one possible revision. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Questions about Fruits Biology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions about Fruits Biology - Assignment Example Every fruit has a different proportion of these elements and accordingly its taste varies. The fruits which have more fructose and less of acidic content will generally taste sweeter. Some very sweet fruits are banana and mangoes. On the other hand fruits like orange and grapes have higher content of acids. Orange has citric acid and fructose in equal quantity and as a reason it is sour. Some fruits like melon have no specific taste because they have an equal composition of starch and acids. So the major chemical compounds which determine the taste of a fruit are fructose and acid. 2- How does the ripening of fruit affect the process of seed dispersal? The process of fruit ripening has an important role to play in the seed dispersal phenomena of fruits. Fruits are dispersed by various agents like wind, animals and humans. When the fruits are dispersed by animals they undergo ripening procedure which gives attractive characteristics to fruit which attracts the consumers. The enzymes w hich give the ripening effect to the fruit allot bright color and scent to the fruits in order to enhance their appeal and attraction . This makes the fruit more noticeable and visible to the consumers. When consumers are attracted to the fruits they are eaten by them, and the seeds are carried away to long distance when they get discarded. This allows the seeds to travel long distances away from their parent tree. They then get germinated in various location of the land and flourish. In the case of fruits which are dispersed by wind, they undergo dehydration in later stage which causes the seeds to be dry and light . This makes the seeds light and allows the scattering of them to various planes of land. Wind is a very strong dispersal agent and can carry the seeds to extremely far away places. Some fruits whose seeds are dispersed by wind change its structure during the ripening procedure which gives it a light structure due to the consequent drying up or dehydration. Thus differen t agents like wind, animals and humans allow the seed dispersal of fruits after they ripening procedure.

Discuss O-linked oligosaccharide decoration of proteins in the Essay

Discuss O-linked oligosaccharide decoration of proteins in the production of mucus and its implications in mucus-producing adeno - Essay Example These areas in the glycoprotein are aptly called mucin-like domains. Mucin-related proteins can either be membrane-bound, in which case it is enclosing the cell, or secreted to form the extracellular matrix (Tabak, 2010). In the epithelium, such as those on the surface of gastrointestinal wall, O-glyvans attached to epithelial cell membrane-bound mucin and its related proteins, mostly Muc2, constitute what is commonly called mucus. Mucin glycoproteins are made in enormous amounts by a specialized epithelial cell called the goblet cell. Physiologically, this cell is important in producing the inner mucus layer to replace the outer mucus layer used for bacterial clearance. To produce mucus, Muc2 should first be produced and secreted. They are prepared in the Golgi apparatus, in which the proteins are labeled for transport to the surface (Johansson, 2012). They can be compactly stored in large, regulated secretory mucin granules that can be found on the apical cytoplasm of goblet cells (Perez-Vilar, 2007) 2. Importance of mucus Mucus acts as a barrier from injurious elements to which the gut surface is commonly exposed to, such as bacteria and mechanical forces. Microorganisms are trapped by the outer mucus layer for transport and excretion. ... Defect in mucus production occurs from lack of Muc2 production, Muc2 mutation, or inhibition of glucosyltransferases. Without mucus, bacteria attaches to the epithelium, increases intestinal permeability, and raises risk for colitis (Kim and Ho, 2010). Aside from the gastrointestinal systems, mucus also has a protective function in the respiratory, urogenital, ophalmologic, and auditory systems. Deregulation of its production or composition is implicated in chronic airway diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis (Perez-Vilar, 2007). In cystic fibrosis, the alkalization due to the defective intracellular chloride channel caused defects in pH-sensitive glucosyltransferases. The abnormal glycoproteins produced by these defective enzymes also provide receptors for Pseudomonas (Al-Awqati, Barasch, and Landry, 1992). 3. Role in cell signaling The less common O-fucose glycans are attached by O-fucosyltransderase 1 and elongated by ? 1,3N-acetylglu cosaminyltransferases to epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats of Notch protein. EGF repeats are approximately 40-amino acid-long cysteine-rich motifs, including a conserved six cysteine span that forms three conserved disulfide bonds. The sugar moiety modulates protein-protein interactions and downstream signaling. Notch is a membrane-bound signaling receptor important in differentiation. Elongation of O-fucose by Fringe limits Notch activation to the dorsal and ventral boundary, since it limits the binding of Notch with its ligands. Fringe defects result to segmentation and somitogenesis defects in mice. Similar to EGF repeats, Thrombospondin tupe 1 repeats (TSR) are made up of six conserved cysteines and three